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Milking liners are the only parts of the milking machine that directly interact with the cow. It is vital that this interface between cow and machine is optimised for each individual herd.

Choice of liner size, shape and materials, along with optimisation of machine settings, allow us to fine-tune liner performance for a fast but gentle milking.

See also: More dairy milking advice from Tom Greenham

Teat-end oedema inhibits milk flow, reducing milking speed and increasing mastitis risk. To avoid this, liners must:

Teat-end hyperkeratosis increases the risk of bacteria entering the teat. To reduce this, choose liners that:

There are several key factors to consider when deciding which liners are most suitable.

Four facets of liner size need to be considered:

This must have a small enough diameter to provide a good seal around the base of the teat, preventing slips or “squawks”.

It must also have a large enough diameter to prevent constriction of the teat base, avoiding swelling and restricted milk flow.

Larger depths have traditionally been considered more stable, giving less slip. However, this is largely down to a poor fit, giving high mouthpiece vacuums and more teat oedema.

Smaller depths ensure more of the teat is within the liner barrel, increasing the effective massage of the teat-end and potentially reducing exposure of the teat base to excessive vacuum.

The barrel must be wide enough to allow the teat-end to expand as the canal opens. However, it should be narrow enough to prevent high mouthpiece vacuums, minimising teat oedema.

Liner diameter is given at “mid-barrel”: 75mm from the mouthpiece. Few teats are long enough to reach this point.

Diameter at teat level depends on the amount of taper. Straight liners may only be 1-2mm greater at teat level, while highly tapered liners may be 6-7mm wider than the described diameter.

Compressive load is the measure of how much force the liner applies to the teat. It is significantly influenced by liner properties.

Thicker barrel walls and tougher compounds increase compressive load. Higher tension within the shell will also increase this pressure.

Compressive load varies throughout the liner, being highest at mid-barrel and lowest near the mouthpiece. This means the further the teat penetrates the liner, the higher the force on the teat end will be, increasing hyperkeratosis risk.

Shaped (non-round) liners can be useful in distributing the force away from the teat-end. This reduces the risk for hyperkeratosis but may be less effective at counteracting teat-end oedema.

Shaped liners may lead to higher mouthpiece vacuums, which can be counteracted by venting the mouthpiece.

Liner choice will also depend on the size and shape of the teats.

Rubber tends to give a higher compressive load than silicon. This reduces risk of teat oedema, optimising milking speed. However, it may increase the risk of teat end hyperkeratosis, compared with an equivalent silicone product.

Silicone liners tend to apply less force to the teat-end than rubber. This can significantly reduce hyperkeratosis risk but may result in more teat oedema and slower milk out.

Silicone also has a lower friction coefficient than rubber, increasing potential for liner slip. This can usually be overcome by reducing other risk areas for liner slip.

Rubber deteriorates more rapidly than silicone, often requiring changing two to three times more often.

All liners change in performance as they age:

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